Measurements of public-key signature systems on one machine: amd64; Zen 3 (a50f00); 2021 AMD Ryzen 5 5560U; 6 x 4062MHz; beelink, supercop-20221122
[Page version: 20241006 02:11:55]
eBATS
(ECRYPT Benchmarking
of Asymmetric Systems)
is a project
to measure the performance of public-key systems.
This page presents benchmark results collected in eBATS
for public-key signature systems:
- Time (cycles) to generate a key pair:
a secret key and a corresponding public key.
- Time to sign a short message (59 bytes).
- Time to open a signed short message,
i.e., to verify a (larger) signed message and recover the original short message.
- Space (bytes) for a secret key.
- Space for a public key.
- Space for a signature on a 0-byte message.
- Space for a signature on a 23-byte message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus 23 bytes.
- Space for a signature on a long message:
i.e.,
the signed-message length minus the message length.
For signature systems that support "message recovery",
the space for a signature on a long message
is shorter than the space for a signature on a short message.
Each table row lists
the first quartile of many speed measurements,
the median of many speed measurements,
the third quartile of many speed measurements, and
the name of the primitive.
Measurements with large variance are indicated in red with question marks.
The symbol
T:
(starting with supercop-20200816)
means that the SUPERCOP database
at the time of benchmarking did not list constant time
as a goal for this implementation.
The symbol
T!!!
means that constant time was listed as a goal for this implementation,
but that the implementation failed TIMECOP.
(TIMECOP failures are not necessarily security issues;
they can sometimes be resolved by, e.g., declaring that a rejection-sampling condition is safe to declassify.)
There is a
separate page
with more information about each signature system and each implementation.
Designers and implementors
interested in submitting new signature systems
and new implementations of existing signature systems
should read the call for submissions.
Test results
Graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
NISTPQC graphs:
(pkcycles,pkbytes)
(smcycles,sbytes)
(mcycles,pkbytes)
(mcycles,sbytes)
(pkbytes,sbytes)
Measurement failures: ntrumls401x, ntrumls439x, ntrumls593x, ntrumls743x, qtesla128, qtesla192, qtesla256
Cycles to generate a key pair |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
2420 | 2428 | 2484 | picnicl1full |
2489 | 2516 | 2875 | picnic3l1 |
3282 | 3294 | 3332 | picnicl3full |
3294 | 3302 | 3318 | picnic3l3 |
3975 | 3982 | 4006 | picnicl1ur |
4016 | 4024 | 4046 | picnicl1fs |
4008 | 4125 | 4348 | T: picnic2l1fs |
4170 | 4208 | 4241 | picnicl5full |
4227 | 4246 | 4369 | picnic3l5 |
6365 | 6453 | 6761 | T: picnic2l3fs |
6777 | 6808 | 6851 | picnicl3fs |
6757 | 6855 | 7791 | picnicl3ur |
8575 | 8698 | 9868 | T: picnic2l5fs |
8646 | 8704 | 8847 | picnicl5ur |
9078 | 9186 | 9498 | picnicl5fs |
17330 | 17414 | 17582 | T: lattisigns512 |
44480 | 44636 | 44887 | ed25519 |
51855 | 52044 | 52440 | dilithium2aes |
81195 | 81552 | 82448 | dilithium2 |
82152 | 82504 | 83139 | dilithium3aes |
124312 | 124979 | 125483 | dilithium5aes |
144400 | 144809 | 145362 | dilithium3 |
156991 | 157485 | 158025 | T: ed448goldilocks |
178138 | 179854 | 181319 | T: pass769 |
204270 | 206080 | 207220 | T: pass863 |
220348 | 220723 | 222039 | dilithium5 |
547718 | 548435 | 551747 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
641422 | 643303 | 644592 | T: mqdss48 |
662056 | 663275 | 667439 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
714876 | 719576 | 724235 | T: edons128k08n72nu8l4mu3 |
820676 | 823284 | 824656 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
831814 | 840500 | 853413 | T: donald2048 |
993341 | 995531 | 998503 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
1003028? | 1059020? | 1683356? | T: qtesla1 |
1492769 | 1495371 | 1497538 | T: mqdss64 |
2008200 | 2014609 | 2022772 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
2159003 | 2164219 | 2175124 | T: edons128ref |
2585485 | 2586191 | 2591449 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
2628511 | 2635670 | 2649377 | T: sphincs256 |
2065260? | 3053380? | 4042619? | T: qtesla3f |
4053817 | 4055695 | 4091710 | T: luov863256 |
4294050 | 4299414 | 4304158 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
3111052? | 5107249? | 7123021? | T: qtesla3s |
4625403? | 5307172? | 6507252? | T: qtesla1p |
6338953 | 6344498 | 6348559 | T: luov863256pc |
6357714 | 6371488 | 6382221 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
7743769 | 7751660 | 7759270 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
7825123 | 7838416 | 7854511 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
11928577 | 11934399 | 11950287 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
12327729 | 12401972 | 12680800 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
14128727 | 14198151 | 14533242 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
15002414 | 15783930 | 17428057 | T: falcon512dyn |
15124760 | 16037510 | 17117884 | T: falcon512tree |
16225245 | 16298734 | 16478416 | T: luov890351 |
17065143 | 17101383 | 17135392 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
18450918 | 18463509 | 18526566 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
19078077 | 19152148 | 19384510 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
19834215 | 19916918 | 20031583 | T: luov4849242 |
20485678 | 20505650 | 20527642 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
20123954? | 23834067? | 29439475? | T: qtesla3p |
24235916 | 24268622 | 24355923 | T: luov890351pc |
24494317 | 24595446 | 24663506 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
29987290 | 30028065 | 30107422 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
30328575 | 30356714 | 30709884 | T: luov8117404 |
31477967 | 31597512 | 31642242 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
34213515 | 34284245 | 34348389 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
37210055 | 37252466 | 37295311 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
41112686 | 41126772 | 41146073 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
45149795 | 45254350 | 45374678 | T: luov8117404pc |
47671451 | 49063332 | 52113580 | T: falcon1024dyn |
47928164 | 49352054 | 50577731 | T: falcon1024tree |
49590761 | 49615478 | 49700790 | T: gemss128 |
50013196 | 50078740 | 50136964 | T: bluegemss128 |
51593735 | 51671943 | 51759486 | T: redgemss128 |
55492644 | 55602202 | 55668541 | T: gemss128v2 |
56754113 | 56803312 | 56851365 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
58801803 | 58885438 | 59144185 | T: redgemss128v2 |
59685734 | 59806111 | 59916281 | T: luov6468330 |
76835316 | 77815225 | 80087940 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
80766776 | 80915983 | 83983307 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
84796069 | 86297423 | 86857613 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
117803952 | 117977494 | 118190061 | T: luov8086399 |
137859904 | 138091546 | 138737940 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
153941329 | 153995900 | 154106995 | T: sflashv2 |
203074901 | 203400301 | 203579680 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
221116352 | 221287694 | 221502933 | T: redgemss192 |
227221212 | 227297375 | 227425525 | T: gemss192 |
227335798 | 227861756 | 228285665 | T: bluegemss192 |
244875453 | 245044390 | 245299990 | T: redgemss192v2 |
246183755 | 246425510 | 246481835 | T: gemss192v2 |
249205436 | 249334031 | 250630801 | T: bluegemss192v2 |
250683915 | 250849566 | 253854723 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
261711354 | 262261683 | 268839673 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
265156944 | 265961981 | 266679448 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
268329251 | 269322510 | 273272651 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
270134300 | 270437435 | 272883968 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
380147667 | 380360268 | 380423427 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
504362596 | 505294758 | 505982786 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
634167332 | 636638815 | 638544368 | T: redgemss256 |
652078105 | 653282536 | 655983679 | T: bluegemss256 |
656801612 | 657868211 | 667484973 | T: gemss256 |
681602390 | 683829809 | 685582227 | T: redgemss256v2 |
680861225 | 687248719 | 697034407 | T: gemss256v2 |
688634372 | 691874456 | 696374938 | T: bluegemss256v2 |
898037386 | 898229860 | 898427142 | T: gravitysphincss |
3233631765 | 3300498267 | 3376274043 | T: pqrsa15 |
14366756107 | 14368503297 | 14370816885 | T: gravitysphincsl |
28749523072 | 28752468646 | 28754362381 | T: gravitysphincsm |
|
Cycles to sign 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
11933 | 12279 | 12543 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
24244 | 24817 | 25543 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
48809 | 48860 | 48900 | ed25519 |
58484 | 63556 | 68253 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
89056 | 89308 | 89793 | T: sflashv2 |
90344? | 117244? | 155247? | dilithium2aes |
157550 | 159370 | 163783 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
162745 | 163142 | 163364 | T: ed448goldilocks |
94024? | 175478? | 419291? | T: lattisigns512 |
123436? | 181204? | 226668? | dilithium3aes |
128571? | 190504? | 290708? | dilithium2 |
176682? | 228077? | 392486? | dilithium5aes |
271481 | 272869 | 275618 | T: luov863256pc |
155136? | 279841? | 586376? | T: qtesla1 |
199206? | 293218? | 375021? | dilithium3 |
308167 | 309699 | 311277 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
287565? | 356445? | 571383? | dilithium5 |
364168 | 369807 | 372782 | T: falcon512tree |
310049? | 419028? | 798415? | T: qtesla3f |
421032 | 432898 | 441568 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
223077? | 440542? | 662935? | T: pass769 |
258322? | 500254? | 752810? | T: pass863 |
392587? | 604706? | 995061? | T: qtesla1p |
660831 | 663838 | 667678 | T: falcon512dyn |
744577 | 749986 | 755963 | T: falcon1024tree |
756543 | 762477 | 768622 | T: luov890351pc |
819545 | 823050 | 828443 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
836103 | 843774 | 849294 | T: donald2048 |
422788? | 915276? | 1396862? | T: qtesla3s |
1004436 | 1029544 | 1047159 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
1047868 | 1062035 | 1069388 | T: edons128k08n72nu8l4mu3 |
1129482 | 1133627 | 1137377 | T: luov8117404pc |
1326689 | 1333569 | 1340071 | T: falcon1024dyn |
2489825 | 2501320 | 2513396 | T: edons128ref |
1879271? | 2604827? | 4872805? | T: qtesla3p |
3389594 | 3391561 | 3414217 | picnicl1full |
3610724 | 3612259 | 3613543 | T: luov863256 |
3156846? | 3734521? | 4673466? | T: redgemss128 |
3966245 | 3969876 | 3973215 | T: mqdss48 |
4046014 | 4056244 | 4057683 | picnicl1fs |
3598417? | 4206319? | 5274476? | T: redgemss128v2 |
5411162 | 5413842 | 5416592 | picnicl1ur |
6501311 | 6507210 | 6513677 | picnicl3full |
6873887 | 6886539 | 6899519 | T: gravitysphincss |
9522999 | 9548854 | 9577041 | T: mqdss64 |
9543962 | 9573525 | 9717320 | picnicl3fs |
8593159? | 9967098? | 11795889? | T: redgemss192v2 |
8661313? | 10159898? | 11605322? | T: redgemss192 |
10590545 | 10602418 | 10612018 | picnicl5full |
11107104 | 11224595 | 11534518 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
11673395 | 11678605 | 11683267 | T: luov890351 |
12922297 | 12939272 | 12985198 | T: gravitysphincsm |
12977429 | 12980460 | 12999338 | picnicl3ur |
15338252 | 15383145 | 15872953 | T: gravitysphincsl |
16071059 | 16236886 | 16249836 | picnicl5fs |
16450451 | 16465965 | 16477717 | picnic3l1 |
14418231? | 16598311? | 19578048? | T: redgemss256v2 |
15006279? | 17628223? | 23330976? | T: redgemss256 |
19882744 | 19918466 | 19958275 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
20199865 | 20210593 | 20686605 | T: luov8117404 |
20927037 | 20954911 | 20981653 | picnicl5ur |
24117295 | 24154166 | 24213112 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
24441891 | 24486821 | 24544104 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
30354485 | 30380620 | 30412902 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
35106285 | 35138214 | 35193089 | picnic3l3 |
40126453 | 40319556 | 40546779 | T: luov4849242 |
46185813 | 46251595 | 46416616 | T: sphincs256 |
51786823 | 51864050 | 51945285 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
59457316 | 59546996 | 59582766 | picnic3l5 |
65647574 | 65860605 | 66409238 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
67972595 | 68048911 | 68100731 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
114773063 | 114848095 | 115337549 | T: luov6468330 |
116582284 | 116631994 | 116696695 | T: pqrsa15 |
120749585 | 120846956 | 121566121 | T: picnic2l1fs |
114017163? | 136696208? | 159730899? | T: bluegemss128 |
139480476 | 139637967 | 139749165 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
120269992? | 162065030? | 185973835? | T: bluegemss128v2 |
167708509 | 168093357 | 168514503 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
178198384 | 178404984 | 178621847 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
233426522 | 233660642 | 234891260 | T: luov8086399 |
240436403 | 240702571 | 241048499 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
317948354 | 318121603 | 318229437 | T: picnic2l3fs |
327234103 | 327394134 | 327609717 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
351415177 | 351893469 | 352229041 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
326477136? | 391491873? | 521685818? | T: bluegemss192 |
283815440? | 396250278? | 453434845? | T: bluegemss192v2 |
399505904 | 399911922 | 400255017 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
406567838 | 406823042 | 407090623 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
479581545 | 480282771 | 480853967 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
590951857 | 591188170 | 591933236 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
451781852? | 630160996? | 658242679? | T: bluegemss256v2 |
649808730 | 651381820 | 652239102 | T: picnic2l5fs |
570916546? | 712572601? | 994141857? | T: gemss128v2 |
715344142 | 715790751 | 716549560 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
715923699 | 716679642 | 717946083 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
567173633? | 792550024? | 794217681? | T: bluegemss256 |
703094154? | 848813631? | 1123578382? | T: gemss128 |
963248049 | 964816219 | 965891450 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
2216416050 | 2218170646 | 2218986270 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
1890627543? | 2272249394? | 2656695733? | T: gemss192v2 |
2226964651? | 2666547038? | 3112269699? | T: gemss192 |
3307642592 | 3327057913 | 3360340411 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
3763870460 | 3768577677 | 3777572454 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
3230026860? | 3876602145? | 4521847483? | T: gemss256v2 |
4609180965 | 4612847481 | 4618647892 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
4005186822? | 4808923916? | 6404755903? | T: gemss256 |
5909289153 | 5912768778 | 5915357167 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
7965278121 | 7968348258 | 7971196226 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
|
Cycles to verify 59 bytes |
25% | 50% | 75% | system |
9266 | 9565 | 9993 | T: rainbowbinary256181212 |
16892 | 17128 | 17608 | T: rainbowbinary16242020 |
24591 | 26147 | 28887 | T: rainbow1aclassic363232 |
28641 | 28954 | 29338 | T: lattisigns512 |
53598 | 53811 | 53990 | dilithium2aes |
59192 | 60617 | 63123 | T: gravitysphincss |
77827 | 78218 | 78674 | T: qtesla1 |
77447 | 78223 | 78957 | T: falcon512tree |
78362 | 78708 | 79127 | dilithium3aes |
80530 | 80681 | 80817 | dilithium2 |
83216 | 84526 | 85395 | T: falcon512dyn |
99682 | 99819 | 100934 | T: sflashv2 |
106378 | 107439 | 108897 | T: luov863256pc |
118129 | 118344 | 118695 | dilithium5aes |
132439 | 132626 | 132749 | dilithium3 |
141907 | 142651 | 143628 | T: falcon1024tree |
157536 | 158112 | 159017 | T: qtesla3f |
159032 | 159991 | 160847 | T: qtesla3s |
160696 | 161888 | 163032 | ed25519 |
161308 | 162947 | 165109 | T: rainbow3cclassic683248 |
168506 | 169276 | 169943 | T: falcon1024dyn |
208337 | 208798 | 209026 | dilithium5 |
238957 | 243411 | 249960 | T: redgemss128 |
242474 | 253697 | 261087 | T: redgemss128v2 |
257025 | 261169 | 269651 | T: gravitysphincsm |
270573 | 272557 | 274791 | T: pass769 |
307464 | 310299 | 312049 | T: pass863 |
310558 | 324927 | 341796 | T: gemss128v2 |
298974 | 325179 | 339048 | T: bluegemss128v2 |
305485 | 337570 | 362250 | T: bluegemss128 |
334629 | 339914 | 347277 | T: luov890351pc |
322439 | 345315 | 375836 | T: gemss128 |
350096 | 354845 | 359196 | T: gravitysphincsl |
368269 | 369330 | 371366 | T: qtesla1p |
369346 | 378887 | 383031 | T: edons128k08n72nu8l4mu3 |
379098 | 381132 | 387340 | T: rainbow5cclassic963664 |
397007 | 406362 | 413941 | T: sphincss128harakasimple |
460186 | 469444 | 476565 | T: luov8117404pc |
560115 | 572549 | 580169 | T: sphincss192harakasimple |
572639 | 574551 | 575802 | T: ed448goldilocks |
570925 | 583333 | 596418 | T: sphincss128harakarobust |
579452 | 592382 | 602555 | T: redgemss192 |
591801 | 598378 | 607023 | T: edons128ref |
615748 | 628844 | 643045 | T: redgemss192v2 |
785390 | 798845 | 810307 | T: sphincss256harakasimple |
638787? | 839291? | 863452? | T: bluegemss192v2 |
838923 | 865407 | 1005315 | T: gemss192v2 |
905567 | 914592 | 926878 | T: sphincsf128harakasimple |
927455 | 950348 | 956537 | T: sphincss192harakarobust |
969164 | 993583 | 1015728 | T: gemss192 |
982031 | 994172 | 1000637 | T: donald2048 |
691627? | 1011472? | 1044974? | T: bluegemss192 |
1184289 | 1213845 | 1276964 | T: redgemss256 |
1206600 | 1222767 | 1263553 | T: redgemss256v2 |
1201207 | 1242066 | 1397844 | T: gemss256v2 |
1191029? | 1294873? | 2097259? | T: gemss256 |
1256918? | 1295218? | 2215646? | T: bluegemss256v2 |
1306300 | 1320154 | 1337050 | T: sphincss256harakarobust |
1348422 | 1358953 | 1382519 | T: sphincsf128harakarobust |
1384405 | 1394716 | 1409684 | T: sphincsf192harakasimple |
1522124 | 1536752 | 1552142 | T: sphincsf256harakasimple |
1256494? | 1586109? | 2393216? | T: bluegemss256 |
1608354 | 1620611 | 1632159 | T: sphincs256 |
1801693 | 1807962 | 1813359 | T: qtesla3p |
2282589 | 2299180 | 2324025 | T: sphincsf192harakarobust |
2396567 | 2427043 | 2464820 | T: sphincsf256harakarobust |
2479801 | 2487430 | 2506748 | T: mqdss48 |
2622518 | 2641556 | 2668546 | picnicl1full |
2997244 | 3001392 | 3002916 | T: luov863256 |
2989769 | 3090939 | 3164267 | T: sphincss128shake256simple |
3138432 | 3142229 | 3160965 | picnicl1fs |
4255648 | 4259868 | 4283299 | picnicl1ur |
4437619 | 4498712 | 4572264 | T: sphincss192shake256simple |
5134482 | 5137226 | 5141514 | picnicl3full |
5603660 | 5715254 | 5965127 | T: sphincss128shake256robust |
5858288 | 5956933 | 6092410 | T: sphincss256shake256simple |
6224764 | 6250909 | 6274502 | T: mqdss64 |
7336057 | 7354292 | 7359701 | picnicl3fs |
7252059 | 7433943 | 7519003 | T: sphincsf128shake256simple |
8354647 | 8384064 | 8390085 | picnicl5full |
8378864 | 8447801 | 8666518 | T: rainbow1acyclicc363232 |
8502969 | 8611837 | 8733441 | T: sphincss192shake256robust |
8746552 | 8915603 | 9040701 | T: rainbow1acompres363232 |
10250184 | 10273270 | 10648396 | picnicl3ur |
10518187 | 10538452 | 10542208 | T: luov890351 |
11371725 | 11663628 | 11879795 | T: sphincss256shake256robust |
11616738 | 11744655 | 11983661 | T: sphincsf192shake256simple |
11884848 | 12066761 | 12222506 | T: sphincsf256shake256simple |
12621145 | 12635341 | 12655688 | picnicl5fs |
13348214 | 13361668 | 13378940 | picnic3l1 |
13731751 | 13995119 | 14237580 | T: sphincsf128shake256robust |
16061651 | 16100686 | 16126525 | T: pqrsa15 |
16889713 | 16970612 | 17075255 | picnicl5ur |
18131442 | 18142106 | 18156166 | T: luov8117404 |
22202881 | 22420017 | 22640857 | T: sphincsf192shake256robust |
23062145 | 23289307 | 23521938 | T: sphincsf256shake256robust |
27055922 | 27083499 | 27103105 | T: luov4849242 |
28485459 | 28523879 | 28552389 | picnic3l3 |
46093383 | 46129084 | 46168371 | picnic3l5 |
51727260 | 52017225 | 53809415 | T: rainbow3ccyclicc683248 |
52425525 | 52916040 | 54133997 | T: rainbow3ccompres683248 |
63640627 | 63704418 | 63762607 | T: picnic2l1fs |
70142742 | 70237464 | 70366709 | T: luov6468330 |
115262969 | 116704351 | 120689989 | T: rainbow5ccompres963664 |
118297468 | 118657787 | 119230689 | T: rainbow5ccyclicc963664 |
129025467 | 129287553 | 131545661 | T: luov8086399 |
137445781 | 137515793 | 137620061 | T: picnic2l3fs |
236156243 | 236300735 | 236649753 | T: picnic2l5fs |
|
|
|