VAMPIRE	eBACS: ECRYPT Benchmarking of Cryptographic Systems	ECRYPT II

Measurements of hash functions on one machine: amd64; Skylake (506e3); 2015 Intel Core i5-6500T; 4 x 2500MHz; thinksky, supercop-20260217

[Page version: 20260315 18:26:20]

eBASH (ECRYPT Benchmarking of All Submitted Hashes) is a project to measure the performance of hash functions. This page presents benchmark results collected in eBASH:

• Speed (cycles/byte) of hashing an 8-byte message.
• Speed of hashing a 64-byte message.
• Speed of hashing a 576-byte message.
• Speed of hashing a 1536-byte message.
• Speed of hashing a 4096-byte message.
• Speed of hashing a long message.

Graphs show timings for all message lengths between 0 and 4096 bytes. The stair-step shape of a typical curve on the graphs reflects the fact that these hash functions handle messages in blocks, such as 64-byte blocks.

Long-message speed is computed as 1/2048 of the difference in cycle counts between hashing 4096-byte messages and hashing 2048-byte messages, or (starting with supercop-20200409) 1/16384 of the difference in cycle counts between hashing 18208-byte messages and hashing 1824-byte messages. Slightly different computations are used for some hash functions with non-power-of-2 block sizes.

There is a separate page with more information about each hash function and each implementation. Designers and implementors interested in submitting new hash functions and new implementations should read the call for submissions.

Test results

Graphs: (bytes,cycles)

NISTLWC graphs: (bytes,cycles)

Cycles/byte for long messages 25% 50% 75% hash -0.00 0.00 0.00 T:floppsy 0.16 0.16 0.16 komihash 0.45 0.46 0.46 prh64s256 0.47 0.47 0.47 prh42s512 0.47 0.47 0.47 prh42s256 0.53 0.53 0.53 prh42s1024 0.53 0.53 0.54 prh64s1024 0.53 0.54 0.54 prh64s512 0.66 0.67 0.68 T:bebb4185 1.88 1.88 1.88 T:blake3 1.90 1.91 1.91 T:edonr512 2.12 2.12 2.12 lsh512 2.93 2.93 2.95 T:md4 2.95 2.95 2.96 T:bmw512 2.98 2.98 2.98 lsh256 3.17 3.18 3.18 T:echo256 3.17 3.18 3.19 T:blake2b 3.47 3.48 3.48 sha1 3.57 3.57 3.58 T:edonr256 3.95 3.96 3.96 T:k12 4.03 4.03 4.03 T:cubehash832 4.55 4.56 4.56 T:bmw256 4.70 4.71 4.72 T:keccakc256treed2 4.72 4.73 4.74 T:shabal256 4.73 4.74 4.74 T:shabal512 4.76 4.76 4.76 md5 4.85 4.86 4.86 T:blake2s 5.11 5.12 5.12 T:bblake256 5.12 5.14 5.16 sha384 5.20 5.21 5.22 T:skein512512 5.21 5.22 5.23 T:skein512256 5.24 5.24 5.25 sha512 5.35 5.35 5.36 T:sarmal256 5.44 5.44 5.49 T:bash256 5.50 5.51 5.53 blake512 5.56 5.56 5.57 T:blake64 5.68 5.69 5.70 T:beamsplitter 5.77 5.77 5.78 T:keccakc512treed2 5.80 5.80 5.81 T:tiger 6.21 6.21 6.22 T:blake32 6.28 6.28 6.29 shake128 6.58 6.59 6.60 T:sarmal512 6.63 6.67 6.69 T:cheetah256 6.69 6.71 6.72 T:cubehash1632 6.76 6.76 6.76 blake256 7.03 7.04 7.04 T:keccakc256 7.17 7.18 7.18 T:skein10241024 7.22 7.23 7.24 T:bash384 7.57 7.59 7.59 sha3224 7.59 7.63 7.65 T:skein256256 7.66 7.68 7.69 sha224 7.67 7.68 7.69 sha256 7.68 7.69 7.70 shake256 7.69 7.69 7.70 sha3256 7.70 7.71 7.71 T:cubehash512 7.83 7.87 7.95 T:simd512 8.03 8.03 8.03 T:cubehash816 8.14 8.14 8.14 T:keccakc448 8.20 8.20 8.21 T:groestl256 8.56 8.57 8.58 T:keccakc512 8.85 8.86 8.86 T:rfsb509 8.87 8.88 8.88 T:groestl512 9.12 9.12 9.13 T:keccak 10.25 10.26 10.27 T:cheetah512 10.39 10.40 10.40 sha3384 10.86 10.87 10.89 T:luffa256 10.88 10.89 10.91 T:bash512 11.25 11.26 11.26 T:keccakc768 11.52 11.53 11.59 T:luffa384 11.74 11.78 11.86 T:fugue2 11.96 11.96 11.97 T:gimli24v1 12.34 12.35 12.36 T:ripemd160 13.05 13.06 13.07 T:jh384 13.06 13.08 13.09 T:jh256 13.06 13.08 13.13 T:jh224 13.13 13.15 13.16 T:jh512 13.58 13.62 13.66 T:fugue256 14.01 14.01 14.02 T:shavite3256 14.44 14.48 14.53 asconhashav12 14.45 14.50 14.53 asconxofav12 14.81 14.82 14.83 sha3512 14.98 14.99 15.00 T:round3jh512 15.02 15.03 15.04 T:xoodyakv1 15.30 15.31 15.32 T:round3jh256 15.76 15.81 15.91 T:md6d224 16.03 16.03 16.03 T:cubehash1616 16.06 16.06 16.06 T:cubehash88 16.09 16.10 16.12 T:keccakc1024 16.13 16.15 16.16 T:nasha512 16.20 16.28 16.44 T:nasha256 17.03 17.32 17.35 T:md6d256 17.94 17.95 17.97 T:luffa512 19.84 19.86 19.89 T:hamsi 19.86 19.87 19.87 T:lane256 20.22 20.23 20.24 T:fugue384 21.32 21.32 21.34 T:whirlpool 21.72 21.74 21.76 asconxofv12 21.72 21.74 21.76 asconhashv12 21.98 21.99 22.00 T:echosp256 22.07 22.26 22.43 T:md6d384 23.31 23.32 23.34 T:shavite3512 25.16 25.17 25.18 T:shamashashv1 25.19 25.25 25.27 T:fugue512 25.53 25.83 26.15 T:simd256 27.02 27.04 27.29 asconhashabi32v12 27.70 27.71 27.72 T:lane512 32.06 32.06 32.06 T:cubehash168 32.11 32.11 32.11 T:cubehash84 32.48 32.49 32.51 T:echosp512 33.09 33.14 33.41 T:essence512 33.16 33.35 33.43 T:essence384 33.67 33.83 34.01 T:atelopus64 34.09 34.11 34.13 T:esch256v1 34.13 34.15 34.17 T:esch256v2 34.21 34.31 34.40 T:atelopus32 35.12 35.15 35.17 T:mgrostl256 34.86 35.43 35.90 T:fsb256 35.93 35.95 36.00 T:sneikha256 40.14 40.17 40.21 asconhashbi32v12 41.01 41.02 41.07 T:mcssha5 41.01 41.05 41.08 T:mcssha4 41.01 41.05 41.18 T:mcssha6 42.12 42.13 42.15 T:essence256 42.30 42.31 42.32 T:echo512 42.18 42.42 42.46 T:essence224 43.20 43.21 43.25 T:saturninhashv2 43.55 43.57 43.72 T:romulush 46.07 46.31 47.56 T:esch384v2 46.77 46.78 46.81 T:esch384v1 51.61 51.63 51.66 T:drygascon128 64.12 64.12 64.12 T:cubehash164 64.39 64.42 64.46 T:drygascon256 64.49 64.55 64.65 T:cubehash82 65.46 65.59 66.24 T:coral256v1 70.85 70.86 70.87 T:knot256v2 71.83 71.87 71.91 T:sneikha384 74.70 74.71 74.77 T:triadhashv1 93.63? 104.38? 108.00? T:fsb512 113.08 113.12 113.30 T:knot256v1 125.00 125.02 125.22 T:cubehash162 129.00 129.03 129.36 T:cubehash81 144.45 144.47 144.79 T:clxhash 187.59 187.60 188.03 T:syconhash256v1 225.16 231.48 232.47 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 242.62 243.22 244.46 T:cubehash161 230.36 243.29 245.15 T:knot512 251.50 251.79 252.08 T:knot384 835.68 836.07 836.48 T:subterraneanv1 891.00 901.44 953.61 T:heron256v1 974.52 984.08 1031.70 T:skinnyhashtk3 1040.59 1041.80 1046.43 T:acehash256v1 1217.13 1232.49 1234.14 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 2014.12 2021.89 2039.67 T:skinnyhashtk2 2129.12 2138.54 2140.20 T:gage1h256c256r128 2463.22 2463.85 2464.32 T:orangishv1 3194.25 3196.29 3199.86 T:gage1h256c224r064 3582.99 3588.87 3642.60 T:gage1h256c256r064 4714.95 4715.43 4715.89 T:gage1h256c224r032 5120.78 5123.92 5139.75 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 6381.35 6434.01 6471.57 T:gage1h256c256r032 6443.94 6444.47 6444.83 T:gage1h256c512r064 10218.87 10275.61 10474.14 T:gage1h256c224r016 11923.00 11927.71 11933.65 T:gage1h256c512r032 12305.15 12345.42 12730.29 T:gage1h256c256r016 19953.18 20137.99 20165.46 T:gage1h256c224r008

Cycles/byte for 4096 bytes 25% 50% 75% hash 0.01 0.01 0.01 T:floppsy 0.17 0.17 0.18 komihash 0.55 0.56 0.56 prh42s256 0.58 0.59 0.59 prh64s256 0.60 0.60 0.61 prh42s512 0.69 0.70 0.70 prh64s512 0.69 0.71 0.72 T:bebb4185 0.71 0.71 0.72 prh42s1024 0.81 0.82 0.83 prh64s1024 1.93 1.94 1.95 T:blake3 2.04 2.05 2.06 T:edonr512 2.28 2.28 2.29 lsh512 3.02 3.04 3.05 T:md4 3.13 3.14 3.15 lsh256 3.18 3.19 3.20 T:blake2b 3.25 3.25 3.26 T:bmw512 3.37 3.38 3.39 T:echo256 3.71 3.72 3.74 T:edonr256 3.85 3.85 3.86 sha1 4.03 4.04 4.05 T:k12 4.43 4.43 4.44 T:cubehash832 4.77 4.78 4.79 T:bmw256 4.86 4.86 4.87 md5 4.86 4.86 4.87 T:blake2s 5.06 5.06 5.07 T:shabal256 5.06 5.07 5.07 T:shabal512 5.32 5.33 5.34 T:skein512512 5.32 5.34 5.36 T:skein512256 5.45 5.45 5.46 sha512 5.45 5.46 5.49 T:keccakc256treed2 5.53 5.54 5.55 T:sarmal256 5.64 5.65 5.67 T:bblake256 5.64 5.65 5.68 T:bash256 5.66 5.68 5.70 sha384 5.74 5.76 5.77 blake512 5.79 5.81 5.82 T:beamsplitter 5.80 5.81 5.82 T:blake64 5.94 5.96 5.96 T:tiger 6.33 6.34 6.35 T:blake32 6.45 6.46 6.47 shake128 6.62 6.63 6.64 T:keccakc512treed2 6.81 6.82 6.83 T:sarmal512 6.92 6.92 6.93 blake256 7.01 7.03 7.07 T:cheetah256 7.21 7.22 7.22 T:keccakc256 7.34 7.35 7.36 T:bash384 7.34 7.35 7.36 T:cubehash1632 7.48 7.49 7.49 T:skein10241024 7.73 7.74 7.75 sha3224 7.75 7.77 7.79 T:skein256256 7.91 7.92 7.93 T:cubehash512 7.96 7.97 7.98 sha3256 7.97 7.98 7.99 shake256 8.11 8.12 8.14 sha256 8.11 8.12 8.14 sha224 8.20 8.22 8.26 T:simd512 8.31 8.31 8.32 T:keccakc448 8.44 8.44 8.45 T:cubehash816 8.57 8.58 8.58 T:groestl256 8.88 8.89 8.89 T:keccakc512 9.38 9.38 9.39 T:rfsb509 9.44 9.44 9.45 T:keccak 9.75 9.75 9.76 T:groestl512 10.55 10.56 10.56 sha3384 10.81 10.82 10.83 T:cheetah512 11.09 11.10 11.11 T:bash512 11.10 11.12 11.13 T:luffa256 11.46 11.47 11.48 T:keccakc768 11.34 11.84 11.86 T:luffa384 12.12 12.13 12.13 T:gimli24v1 12.58 12.59 12.61 T:ripemd160 12.86 12.88 12.91 T:fugue2 13.27 13.29 13.31 T:jh384 13.28 13.29 13.31 T:jh256 13.28 13.30 13.35 T:jh224 13.35 13.37 13.39 T:jh512 14.01 14.02 14.05 T:fugue256 14.25 14.26 14.26 T:shavite3256 14.60 14.63 14.69 asconhashav12 14.63 14.67 14.70 asconxofav12 14.90 14.91 14.92 sha3512 15.13 15.15 15.16 T:xoodyakv1 15.26 15.27 15.29 T:round3jh512 15.53 15.55 15.57 T:round3jh256 16.01 16.04 16.21 T:md6d224 16.24 16.25 16.26 T:keccakc1024 16.46 16.47 16.47 T:cubehash88 16.51 16.52 16.67 T:nasha256 16.71 16.72 16.74 T:nasha512 16.79 16.79 16.80 T:cubehash1616 17.32 17.52 17.61 T:md6d256 18.43 18.43 18.45 T:luffa512 19.93 19.95 19.97 T:hamsi 20.54 20.55 20.56 T:lane256 20.82 20.83 20.84 T:fugue384 21.73 21.74 21.78 T:whirlpool 21.92 21.94 21.95 asconhashv12 21.93 21.95 21.97 asconxofv12 22.47 22.63 22.69 T:md6d384 22.97 22.98 22.99 T:echosp256 24.06 24.08 24.11 T:shavite3512 25.43 25.45 25.47 T:shamashashv1 26.01 26.26 26.48 T:simd256 26.42 26.48 26.51 T:fugue512 27.34 27.36 27.39 asconhashabi32v12 29.50 29.51 29.52 T:lane512 32.53 32.54 32.54 T:cubehash84 32.82 32.83 32.83 T:cubehash168 33.74 33.74 33.76 T:echosp512 34.27 34.33 34.51 T:essence512 34.02 34.38 35.36 T:fsb256 34.35 34.38 34.41 T:esch256v1 34.40 34.44 34.47 T:esch256v2 34.32 34.49 34.53 T:essence384 35.47 35.57 35.68 T:atelopus64 35.95 36.03 36.10 T:atelopus32 36.23 36.26 36.29 T:sneikha256 37.04 37.08 37.13 T:mgrostl256 40.54 40.56 40.58 asconhashbi32v12 41.78 41.80 41.88 T:mcssha6 41.80 41.82 41.84 T:mcssha4 42.40 42.41 42.46 T:mcssha5 42.88 42.90 42.91 T:essence256 42.95 43.20 43.23 T:essence224 43.58 43.60 43.62 T:saturninhashv2 43.75 43.77 43.79 T:echo512 43.94 43.97 44.08 T:romulush 46.65 46.69 47.81 T:esch384v2 47.23 47.25 47.27 T:esch384v1 51.73 51.75 51.77 T:drygascon128 64.84 64.87 64.90 T:drygascon256 64.88 64.89 64.89 T:cubehash164 64.92 64.93 64.97 T:cubehash82 66.05 66.14 66.73 T:coral256v1 71.46 71.46 71.46 T:knot256v2 72.70 72.73 72.75 T:sneikha384 74.87 74.90 74.91 T:triadhashv1 113.31 113.35 113.38 T:knot256v1 126.23 126.29 126.33 T:cubehash162 129.42 129.44 129.45 T:cubehash81 144.64 144.67 144.71 T:clxhash 189.46 189.47 189.49 T:syconhash256v1 225.29 231.02 231.12 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 230.24 240.78 244.61 T:knot512 243.81 243.95 245.20 T:cubehash161 251.99 252.10 252.28 T:knot384 836.66 837.44 838.82 T:subterraneanv1 911.27 915.47 962.14 T:heron256v1 986.90 993.19 1033.08 T:skinnyhashtk3 1053.19 1062.26 1063.78 T:acehash256v1 1217.82 1230.39 1232.11 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 2020.25 2026.01 2041.19 T:skinnyhashtk2 2155.48 2163.06 2164.41 T:gage1h256c256r128 2482.88 2483.02 2483.19 T:orangishv1 3226.17 3227.76 3230.63 T:gage1h256c224r064 3624.19 3625.88 3672.81 T:gage1h256c256r064 4756.66 4756.92 4757.14 T:gage1h256c224r032 5117.81 5119.74 5134.82 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 6450.47 6490.79 6523.99 T:gage1h256c256r032 6506.35 6507.67 6507.96 T:gage1h256c512r064 9381.27 9391.99 9397.92 T:fsb512 10324.89 10360.95 10538.17 T:gage1h256c224r016 12028.79 12033.52 12037.89 T:gage1h256c512r032 12446.73 12510.38 12870.92 T:gage1h256c256r016 20132.04 20300.67 20311.56 T:gage1h256c224r008

Cycles/byte for 1536 bytes 25% 50% 75% hash 0.03 0.03 0.03 T:floppsy 0.19 0.19 0.20 komihash 0.70 0.70 0.72 prh42s256 0.76 0.79 0.82 T:bebb4185 0.81 0.82 0.85 prh64s256 0.82 0.82 0.84 prh42s512 0.97 0.97 0.99 prh64s512 0.99 1.00 1.02 prh42s1024 1.28 1.29 1.31 prh64s1024 2.19 2.20 2.23 T:edonr512 2.54 2.55 2.56 lsh512 3.16 3.18 3.20 T:md4 3.20 3.21 3.21 T:blake2b 3.31 3.32 3.33 lsh256 3.36 3.37 3.37 T:blake3 3.60 3.61 3.62 T:bmw512 3.80 3.82 3.85 T:echo256 3.95 3.97 4.00 T:edonr256 4.44 4.46 4.47 T:k12 4.47 4.48 4.50 sha1 4.87 4.88 4.91 T:blake2s 5.03 5.04 5.05 md5 5.09 5.09 5.10 T:cubehash832 5.11 5.12 5.14 T:bmw256 5.49 5.51 5.53 T:skein512512 5.49 5.51 5.54 T:skein512256 5.58 5.60 5.63 T:shabal256 5.61 5.63 5.65 T:shabal512 5.79 5.81 5.82 sha512 5.91 5.93 5.95 T:sarmal256 5.96 5.98 6.02 T:bash256 5.99 6.02 6.05 T:beamsplitter 6.13 6.14 6.16 blake512 6.19 6.21 6.24 T:blake64 6.20 6.22 6.24 T:tiger 6.31 6.32 6.38 T:keccakc256treed2 6.51 6.53 6.56 T:bblake256 6.53 6.54 6.56 T:blake32 6.59 6.61 6.64 sha384 6.95 6.96 6.97 shake128 7.18 7.18 7.19 blake256 7.26 7.27 7.29 T:sarmal512 7.36 7.37 7.39 T:keccakc512treed2 7.57 7.62 7.69 T:cheetah256 7.73 7.74 7.75 T:keccakc256 7.77 7.79 7.81 T:bash384 7.85 7.87 7.88 sha3224 7.96 7.98 8.00 T:skein256256 8.00 8.00 8.02 T:skein10241024 8.24 8.27 8.30 T:cubehash512 8.28 8.28 8.30 sha3256 8.30 8.31 8.33 shake256 8.41 8.43 8.45 T:cubehash1632 8.44 8.44 8.45 T:keccakc448 8.79 8.83 8.87 T:simd512 8.85 8.87 8.89 sha256 8.85 8.87 8.89 sha224 9.09 9.10 9.12 T:cubehash816 9.13 9.14 9.16 T:groestl256 9.20 9.21 9.22 T:keccakc512 9.95 9.97 9.99 T:keccak 10.28 10.31 10.34 T:rfsb509 10.60 10.61 10.62 sha3384 11.16 11.18 11.20 T:groestl512 11.39 11.41 11.43 T:bash512 11.44 11.47 11.50 T:luffa256 11.55 11.57 11.58 T:keccakc768 11.63 11.64 11.67 T:cheetah512 11.92 12.36 12.38 T:luffa384 12.35 12.36 12.37 T:gimli24v1 12.97 12.99 13.00 T:ripemd160 13.63 13.66 13.68 T:jh256 13.63 13.66 13.68 T:jh384 13.64 13.68 13.73 T:jh224 13.73 13.76 13.77 T:jh512 14.63 14.65 14.67 T:shavite3256 14.68 14.72 14.76 T:fugue256 14.76 14.79 14.82 T:fugue2 14.83 14.86 14.89 asconhashav12 14.85 14.89 14.93 asconxofav12 15.29 15.33 15.35 T:xoodyakv1 15.37 15.38 15.41 sha3512 15.74 15.76 15.79 T:round3jh512 15.87 15.90 16.24 T:md6d224 15.96 15.99 16.01 T:round3jh256 16.80 16.82 16.84 T:keccakc1024 17.13 17.14 17.15 T:cubehash88 17.10 17.22 17.26 T:nasha256 17.18 17.28 17.58 T:md6d256 17.64 17.67 17.70 T:nasha512 18.05 18.06 18.07 T:cubehash1616 19.22 19.24 19.27 T:luffa512 20.09 20.14 20.17 T:hamsi 21.69 21.71 21.72 T:lane256 21.80 21.82 21.85 T:fugue384 22.24 22.27 22.30 asconhashv12 22.25 22.28 22.32 asconxofv12 22.38 22.42 22.47 T:md6d384 22.42 22.44 22.46 T:whirlpool 22.69 22.71 22.73 T:echosp256 25.34 25.38 25.48 T:shavite3512 25.87 25.89 25.91 T:shamashashv1 26.74 27.00 27.38 T:simd256 27.84 27.87 28.10 asconhashabi32v12 28.47 28.53 28.57 T:fugue512 32.50 32.52 32.55 T:lane512 33.20 33.20 33.21 T:cubehash84 34.08 34.09 34.10 T:cubehash168 34.74 34.82 34.90 T:esch256v2 34.77 34.83 34.87 T:esch256v1 36.19 36.26 36.42 T:essence512 36.27 36.41 36.45 T:essence384 36.75 36.78 36.82 T:sneikha256 36.92 36.95 36.98 T:echosp512 38.26 38.38 38.60 T:atelopus64 38.24 38.59 39.46 T:fsb256 38.67 38.80 38.96 T:atelopus32 40.07 40.23 40.38 T:mgrostl256 41.18 41.21 41.23 asconhashbi32v12 42.96 42.99 43.05 T:mcssha6 43.08 43.10 43.13 T:mcssha4 44.15 44.17 44.19 T:essence256 44.24 44.27 44.31 T:saturninhashv2 44.23 44.45 44.48 T:essence224 44.56 44.59 44.73 T:romulush 44.66 44.67 44.69 T:mcssha5 46.15? 46.23? 80.92? T:echo512 47.43 47.47 48.72 T:esch384v2 47.98 48.01 48.05 T:esch384v1 51.89 51.95 52.01 T:drygascon128 65.56 65.61 65.66 T:drygascon256 65.61 65.63 65.66 T:cubehash82 66.17 66.17 66.20 T:cubehash164 66.91 67.04 67.49 T:coral256v1 72.47 72.48 72.49 T:knot256v2 74.02 74.11 74.17 T:sneikha384 75.21 75.22 75.23 T:triadhashv1 113.73 113.79 113.85 T:knot256v1 128.27 128.36 128.44 T:cubehash162 130.11 130.12 130.15 T:cubehash81 145.00 145.07 145.11 T:clxhash 192.59 192.59 192.61 T:syconhash256v1 224.93 230.22 230.37 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 232.07 244.76 246.03 T:knot512 245.76 245.92 247.02 T:cubehash161 253.45 253.51 253.59 T:knot384 840.63 840.81 841.03 T:subterraneanv1 935.28 939.46 987.27 T:heron256v1 999.83 1007.14 1045.60 T:skinnyhashtk3 1068.11 1068.24 1072.12 T:acehash256v1 1215.69 1228.01 1228.47 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 2027.01 2032.74 2049.85 T:skinnyhashtk2 2197.38 2203.65 2207.07 T:gage1h256c256r128 2513.09 2513.78 2518.75 T:orangishv1 3276.94 3280.33 3282.51 T:gage1h256c224r064 3683.16 3687.38 3730.47 T:gage1h256c256r064 4824.25 4827.22 4828.00 T:gage1h256c224r032 5110.11 5113.00 5126.28 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 6545.88 6584.73 6619.42 T:gage1h256c256r032 6611.78 6611.96 6612.24 T:gage1h256c512r064 10470.70 10504.70 10682.78 T:gage1h256c224r016 12202.98 12207.57 12212.39 T:gage1h256c512r032 12618.78 12620.07 12970.75 T:gage1h256c256r016 20407.24 20577.33 20587.08 T:gage1h256c224r008 24847.18 24856.36 24867.21 T:fsb512

Cycles/byte for 576 bytes 25% 50% 75% hash 0.07 0.07 0.07 T:floppsy 0.26 0.26 0.27 komihash 0.95 0.96 1.04 T:bebb4185 1.08 1.08 1.12 prh42s256 1.37 1.39 1.47 prh64s256 1.43 1.43 1.49 prh42s512 1.69 1.72 1.77 prh64s512 1.88 1.90 1.95 prh42s1024 2.48 2.51 2.54 T:edonr512 2.54 2.57 2.63 prh64s1024 3.03 3.05 3.07 lsh512 3.29 3.29 3.30 T:blake3 3.50 3.51 3.53 lsh256 3.54 3.55 3.58 T:md4 3.60 3.61 3.62 T:blake2b 4.28 4.30 4.35 T:bmw512 4.29 4.33 4.37 T:edonr256 4.63 4.66 4.77 T:echo256 4.87 4.89 4.91 T:k12 4.90 4.91 4.94 T:blake2s 5.52 5.54 5.58 md5 5.79 5.81 5.83 T:bmw256 5.98 6.01 6.08 T:skein512512 6.01 6.03 6.06 T:skein512256 6.10 6.12 6.13 sha512 6.16 6.18 6.21 sha1 6.19 6.21 6.24 T:sarmal256 6.19 6.23 6.29 T:bash256 6.17 6.24 6.34 T:beamsplitter 6.29 6.31 6.36 blake512 6.49 6.53 6.60 T:blake64 6.66 6.66 6.68 T:cubehash832 6.89 6.93 6.96 T:tiger 7.03 7.05 7.12 T:shabal512 7.01 7.07 7.12 T:shabal256 7.07 7.09 7.12 T:blake32 7.55 7.57 7.60 shake128 7.57 7.60 7.63 T:sarmal512 7.88 7.89 7.91 blake256 8.26 8.27 8.33 T:cheetah256 8.27 8.30 8.32 T:skein256256 8.32 8.32 8.33 T:keccakc256 8.48 8.52 8.57 T:keccakc256treed2 8.50 8.54 8.60 sha384 8.65 8.67 8.72 T:bash384 9.04 9.06 9.15 T:bblake256 9.17 9.18 9.21 T:cubehash512 9.28 9.31 9.34 sha3256 9.35 9.36 9.39 shake256 9.56 9.60 9.63 sha3224 9.89 9.90 9.94 T:skein10241024 10.26 10.28 10.30 T:keccak 10.32 10.33 10.35 T:keccakc512 10.32 10.33 10.38 T:keccakc448 10.50 10.52 10.54 T:groestl256 10.87 10.87 10.90 T:cubehash816 10.93 10.96 11.01 sha256 10.94 10.97 11.03 sha224 11.07 11.11 11.18 T:simd512 11.20 11.23 11.28 T:keccakc512treed2 11.27 11.29 11.32 T:cubehash1632 11.37 11.41 11.45 sha3384 12.24 12.28 12.32 T:bash512 12.34 12.37 12.47 T:keccakc768 12.46 12.49 12.54 T:luffa256 12.56 12.57 12.59 T:cheetah512 12.68 12.75 12.81 T:rfsb509 12.97 12.99 13.02 T:gimli24v1 13.59 13.79 13.83 T:luffa384 13.92 13.98 14.05 T:groestl512 13.99 14.02 14.07 T:ripemd160 14.60 14.64 14.68 T:jh256 14.62 14.66 14.72 T:jh384 14.66 14.70 14.78 T:jh224 14.63 14.72 14.77 T:jh512 15.49 15.55 15.59 asconhashav12 15.53 15.57 15.61 asconxofav12 15.69 15.72 15.73 T:shavite3256 15.80 15.85 15.92 T:xoodyakv1 16.42 16.48 16.57 T:fugue256 16.85 16.88 16.91 sha3512 17.00 17.04 17.06 T:round3jh512 17.05 17.11 17.15 T:round3jh256 18.30 18.35 18.42 T:nasha512 18.53 18.58 18.63 T:nasha256 18.57 18.60 18.67 T:keccakc1024 18.89 18.91 18.93 T:cubehash88 19.66 19.73 19.82 T:fugue2 20.43 20.50 20.56 T:hamsi 21.35 21.36 21.37 T:cubehash1616 21.29 21.36 21.40 T:luffa512 23.07 23.13 23.20 asconxofv12 23.06 23.14 23.18 asconhashv12 24.17 24.19 24.23 T:whirlpool 24.41 24.45 24.50 T:fugue384 24.63 24.65 24.71 T:lane256 26.09 26.15 26.21 T:shavite3512 26.13 26.15 26.17 T:echosp256 26.87 26.92 26.97 T:shamashashv1 28.68 28.98 29.16 T:simd256 29.10 29.14 29.20 asconhashabi32v12 32.08 32.19 32.82 T:md6d224 33.87 33.92 33.98 T:fugue512 34.76 34.84 35.44 T:md6d256 34.96 34.99 35.02 T:cubehash84 35.87 35.96 36.08 T:esch256v1 35.90 35.97 36.06 T:esch256v2 37.45 37.47 37.50 T:cubehash168 38.06 38.14 38.23 T:sneikha256 41.29 41.40 41.58 T:essence512 41.33 41.47 41.57 T:essence384 42.79 42.84 42.91 asconhashbi32v12 43.60 43.64 43.71 T:lane512 44.00 44.07 44.15 T:echosp512 43.97 44.24 44.60 T:mgrostl256 45.19 45.28 45.41 T:md6d384 45.43 45.80 46.36 T:fsb256 45.94 46.00 46.12 T:saturninhashv2 46.16 46.24 46.33 T:mcssha6 46.19 46.25 46.36 T:romulush 46.50 46.53 46.55 T:mcssha4 47.53 47.55 47.60 T:essence256 47.62 47.83 47.92 T:essence224 47.79 47.87 48.00 T:echo512 49.46 49.56 50.75 T:esch384v2 50.03 50.09 50.15 T:esch384v1 50.15 50.34 50.51 T:atelopus32 50.67 50.71 50.75 T:mcssha5 52.37 52.46 52.52 T:drygascon128 57.50 57.79 58.04 T:atelopus64 67.41 67.43 67.45 T:cubehash82 67.45 67.54 67.64 T:drygascon256 69.27 69.48 69.96 T:coral256v1 69.54 69.55 69.56 T:cubehash164 74.86 74.87 74.89 T:knot256v2 75.89 75.92 75.95 T:triadhashv1 77.86 77.95 78.03 T:sneikha384 114.71 114.82 114.92 T:knot256v1 131.92 131.96 132.01 T:cubehash81 133.66 133.85 134.00 T:cubehash162 145.95 146.03 146.13 T:clxhash 200.82 200.85 200.88 T:syconhash256v1 222.41 228.25 228.44 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 236.46 242.37 250.57 T:knot512 251.21 251.39 252.52 T:cubehash161 256.85 256.89 256.95 T:knot384 849.53 849.80 850.03 T:subterraneanv1 998.35 1003.26 1052.43 T:heron256v1 1034.22 1041.69 1081.94 T:skinnyhashtk3 1113.72 1117.36 1126.69 T:acehash256v1 1211.02 1223.47 1224.38 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 2043.29 2049.58 2068.51 T:skinnyhashtk2 2307.44 2314.51 2318.10 T:gage1h256c256r128 2598.34 2598.55 2601.43 T:orangishv1 3413.84 3416.52 3421.46 T:gage1h256c224r064 3840.53 3848.10 3888.17 T:gage1h256c256r064 5005.51 5005.95 5015.59 T:gage1h256c224r032 5084.54 5092.99 5101.42 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 6796.56 6835.33 6867.93 T:gage1h256c256r032 6886.19 6888.55 6900.79 T:gage1h256c512r064 10851.55 10888.52 11070.35 T:gage1h256c224r016 12668.62 12673.40 12680.36 T:gage1h256c512r032 13075.41 13079.05 13430.27 T:gage1h256c256r016 21118.64 21287.31 21303.09 T:gage1h256c224r008 66101.42 66128.60 66151.27 T:fsb512

Cycles/byte for 64 bytes 25% 50% 75% hash 0.66 0.66 0.66 T:floppsy 1.08? 1.12? 1.23? komihash 3.40 3.46 3.75 T:bebb4185 3.95 4.00 4.09 T:blake3 5.43 5.46 5.51 T:blake2s 6.03 6.09 6.20 prh42s256 7.12 7.16 7.21 T:edonr512 7.20 7.30 7.37 T:blake2b 7.68 7.74 7.82 lsh256 8.20 8.26 8.39 T:md4 9.12 9.15 9.37 prh42s512 9.11 9.19 9.79 prh64s256 9.21 9.27 9.41 T:edonr256 9.93? 10.23? 11.12? T:beamsplitter 10.39 10.50 10.64 lsh512 11.54 11.63 11.86 md5 11.81 11.90 12.32 T:skein512256 11.84 11.94 12.16 T:skein512512 12.02 12.15 12.45 prh64s512 12.20 12.31 12.46 T:bash256 12.27 12.40 13.06 prh42s1024 12.13 12.49 13.04 T:echo256 12.34 12.50 12.60 T:bash384 12.45 12.50 12.55 sha512 12.81 12.88 13.00 blake512 13.32 13.39 13.49 T:k12 13.32 13.42 13.53 T:skein256256 13.42 13.54 13.89 T:sarmal256 13.38 13.58 13.94 T:blake64 14.01 14.07 14.31 T:blake32 14.39 14.44 14.50 T:bmw512 15.17 15.24 15.33 T:bmw256 15.24 15.47 15.92 T:tiger 16.03 16.14 16.38 T:sarmal512 16.80 16.85 17.01 blake256 17.93 18.08 18.27 sha3256 18.01 18.10 18.32 sha3224 18.10 18.18 18.33 sha3512 18.07 18.20 18.56 sha3384 18.39 18.51 18.70 shake256 18.54 18.57 18.73 shake128 18.73 18.94 19.33 T:cheetah256 19.02 19.12 19.24 T:gimli24v1 19.28 19.30 19.36 T:keccakc448 19.33 19.40 19.53 T:keccakc512 19.39 19.42 19.43 T:keccakc768 19.33 19.44 19.72 T:keccakc1024 19.42 19.62 19.78 T:keccak 19.70 19.73 19.76 T:keccakc256 20.26 20.46 20.61 T:xoodyakv1 21.09 21.28 21.78 prh64s1024 21.17 21.32 21.62 T:cubehash512 23.36 23.51 23.77 T:bash512 23.42 23.52 23.70 T:luffa256 23.38 23.61 24.25 asconxofav12 23.75 24.23 24.60 asconhashav12 25.33 25.39 25.83 T:shabal256 25.46 25.53 26.27 T:shabal512 26.22 26.48 26.70 T:hamsi 26.68 26.72 26.80 T:cheetah512 27.19 27.37 27.63 T:ripemd160 27.22 27.40 27.57 T:jh384 27.11 27.49 27.92 T:jh256 27.38 27.52 27.72 T:jh512 27.48 27.52 27.62 T:cubehash832 27.41 27.63 27.88 T:jh224 27.65 27.75 27.99 sha1 28.87 29.01 29.26 T:groestl256 29.25 29.31 29.50 T:shavite3256 29.44 29.62 29.78 T:luffa384 31.16 31.42 31.53 T:round3jh512 31.34 31.44 31.55 T:skein10241024 31.49 31.52 31.65 T:cubehash816 31.56 31.76 31.96 T:round3jh256 33.54 33.76 34.31 asconhashv12 33.57 33.88 34.36 asconxofv12 34.07 34.17 34.27 sha384 34.89 35.22 35.54 T:nasha256 35.46 35.62 35.87 T:nasha512 36.33 36.55 37.05 T:simd512 37.07 37.36 37.95 T:fugue256 37.67 37.83 37.93 sha256 37.66 37.84 38.01 sha224 38.08 38.20 38.34 T:shamashashv1 39.07 39.44 39.85 T:rfsb509 39.71 39.83 40.03 T:cubehash88 40.14 40.36 41.18 T:bblake256 43.15 43.50 44.03 asconhashabi32v12 45.90 46.14 46.32 T:luffa512 46.38 46.43 46.75 T:whirlpool 47.88 48.06 48.30 T:cubehash1632 48.29 48.36 48.52 T:shavite3512 48.45 48.77 49.20 T:esch256v1 48.59 49.04 49.49 T:esch256v2 51.34 51.49 51.67 T:keccakc512treed2 51.69 51.82 52.10 T:keccakc256treed2 52.85 53.18 53.58 T:simd256 53.59 53.89 54.85 T:groestl512 55.15 55.37 55.62 T:sneikha256 55.57 55.79 55.99 T:fugue384 55.75 55.79 55.98 T:cubehash84 55.66 55.89 56.14 T:drygascon128 61.23 61.38 61.62 asconhashbi32v12 61.76 61.78 61.88 T:cubehash1616 62.82 62.92 63.27 T:lane256 67.17 67.42 67.68 T:romulush 67.47 67.82 68.77 T:saturninhashv2 75.49 75.77 77.55 T:esch384v2 75.94 76.14 76.41 T:esch384v1 80.53 80.60 80.70 T:cubehash168 80.79 80.92 81.12 T:echosp256 81.87 82.34 82.92 T:fugue2 84.91 85.04 85.25 T:triadhashv1 86.84 87.08 87.27 T:mcssha6 88.21 88.39 88.58 T:mcssha4 88.89 89.01 89.23 T:essence256 88.88 89.07 89.55 T:essence224 88.98 89.58 90.37 T:echo512 90.00 90.06 90.34 T:cubehash82 91.35 91.57 91.95 T:drygascon256 99.23 99.57 100.30 T:coral256v1 100.60 100.85 101.29 T:fugue512 101.90 102.13 102.33 T:echosp512 104.92 105.34 105.69 T:essence384 105.39 105.70 110.55 T:md6d224 105.48 105.78 106.30 T:essence512 107.00 107.05 107.20 T:knot256v2 112.61 112.69 112.85 T:cubehash164 114.96 116.23 118.29 T:mgrostl256 113.18 116.33 118.72 T:md6d256 125.96 126.46 127.07 T:fsb256 126.67 126.98 127.44 T:sneikha384 127.64 127.79 128.04 T:mcssha5 128.35 128.76 129.02 T:knot256v1 147.70 149.49 151.63 T:md6d384 154.25 154.37 154.64 T:cubehash81 158.03 158.30 158.56 T:clxhash 170.47 170.57 170.96 T:lane512 174.02 175.59 177.47 T:atelopus32 198.00 202.68 203.15 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 204.37 204.63 204.90 T:cubehash162 250.37 251.39 252.58 T:atelopus64 284.13 284.29 284.55 T:knot384 295.29 304.52 305.60 T:knot512 306.29 306.45 306.63 T:syconhash256v1 321.21 321.80 322.41 T:cubehash161 962.68 963.47 964.23 T:subterraneanv1 1158.35 1168.36 1169.33 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 1467.64 1475.06 1538.85 T:skinnyhashtk3 1696.19 1702.10 1715.82 T:acehash256v1 1817.81 1822.59 1876.75 T:heron256v1 2268.05 2274.41 2291.74 T:skinnyhashtk2 3691.93 3693.11 3694.42 T:orangishv1 3726.29 3734.39 3757.51 T:gage1h256c256r128 4804.47 4807.94 4819.58 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 5188.01 5189.60 5193.05 T:gage1h256c224r064 5859.93 5888.43 5902.48 T:gage1h256c256r064 7363.66 7364.45 7365.62 T:gage1h256c224r032 9991.68 10046.48 10102.77 T:gage1h256c256r032 10465.75 10466.13 10466.74 T:gage1h256c512r064 15700.10 15785.65 16051.01 T:gage1h256c224r016 18623.33 18627.92 18634.65 T:gage1h256c512r032 18890.52 18917.08 19483.20 T:gage1h256c256r016 30283.70 30481.74 30508.34 T:gage1h256c224r008 594192.85 594443.36 594809.43 T:fsb512

Cycles/byte for 8 bytes 25% 50% 75% hash 5.25 5.25 5.25 T:floppsy 6.62 6.62 7.08 komihash 21.81 22.08 23.64 T:bebb4185 35.55 35.76 36.15 T:blake3 40.73 40.88 41.39 T:md4 40.74? 41.73? 46.09? T:beamsplitter 43.95 44.12 44.51 T:edonr256 46.60 46.62 47.22 T:blake2s 46.40 46.69 47.23 prh42s256 54.12 54.73 57.09 md5 56.96 57.19 57.68 T:gimli24v1 56.94 57.40 57.75 T:edonr512 59.05 59.32 59.79 T:blake2b 63.93 64.17 64.84 lsh256 65.04 66.67 68.91 prh64s256 67.57 67.83 70.09 T:blake32 70.70 71.41 72.14 T:tiger 71.42 71.78 72.25 prh42s512 70.99 72.62 74.62 T:hamsi 72.47 74.36 75.97 T:xoodyakv1 75.58 76.25 77.72 T:skein256256 83.41 83.73 84.39 T:bmw256 84.16 85.00 86.15 lsh512 85.79 86.19 86.39 blake256 90.05 90.92 91.69 asconhashav12 90.71 91.54 92.59 prh64s512 91.43 92.26 94.65 asconxofav12 94.27 94.89 96.93 T:skein512256 94.76 95.54 96.86 T:skein512512 95.70 96.43 98.60 prh42s1024 98.88 99.58 100.32 T:bash512 97.05 99.68 106.52 T:echo256 99.70 100.19 101.40 sha512 99.96 100.73 101.80 T:bash256 100.44 101.36 102.70 T:bash384 102.49 103.07 104.67 T:luffa256 105.35 105.82 106.85 T:k12 105.55 106.69 108.69 blake512 108.28 109.33 111.70 T:blake64 110.18 111.82 113.15 T:cubehash512 115.21 115.62 116.26 T:bmw512 116.59 117.54 118.90 T:sarmal256 117.39 117.95 118.91 T:ripemd160 119.51 120.52 122.29 asconhashv12 119.93 120.64 122.17 asconxofv12 123.66 124.01 125.04 T:shavite3256 125.79 126.40 127.48 T:shamashashv1 137.26 138.10 139.28 T:sarmal512 140.25 142.70 146.66 T:drygascon128 141.85 143.00 144.34 sha3256 142.93 143.39 147.58 T:cheetah256 142.98 143.46 144.64 sha3512 142.73 143.64 144.39 sha3224 143.28 144.68 146.65 sha3384 145.34 146.06 146.81 shake256 146.20 146.78 147.66 shake128 148.66 150.10 152.01 T:nasha256 148.95 150.43 151.29 T:luffa384 151.35 152.98 154.54 T:sneikha256 153.90 154.35 154.96 T:shabal256 154.98 155.38 156.14 T:shabal512 155.45 155.51 156.51 T:keccakc768 154.61 155.70 158.58 T:keccakc448 154.69 155.86 157.72 T:keccakc1024 155.91 156.64 157.99 asconhashabi32v12 156.20 156.74 157.90 T:triadhashv1 155.75 157.61 158.72 T:keccakc512 157.96 158.32 160.24 T:keccak 158.27 158.62 158.88 T:keccakc256 164.21 166.08 168.01 prh64s1024 166.40 166.88 168.38 T:groestl256 179.22 180.41 182.41 T:esch256v1 180.55 181.59 183.95 T:esch256v2 187.98 188.95 190.12 sha1 189.36 190.35 192.67 T:romulush 190.34 192.97 197.14 T:saturninhashv2 194.33 194.69 195.73 T:cubehash816 194.99 195.76 199.45 T:cubehash832 196.22 196.68 197.69 T:whirlpool 200.65 202.27 205.33 T:fugue256 203.71 204.27 205.66 T:cubehash88 208.50 209.28 210.88 asconhashbi32v12 213.34 213.67 215.14 T:cheetah512 220.11 220.18 220.76 T:cubehash84 220.44 221.27 222.54 T:jh256 220.27 221.99 223.58 T:jh512 220.64 222.32 223.72 T:jh384 221.80 223.12 225.41 T:jh224 227.38 228.32 229.98 T:luffa512 230.47 231.31 232.36 sha224 230.88 232.42 235.10 sha256 228.94 233.05 234.16 T:photonbeetlehash256rate32v1 233.92 236.15 238.29 T:knot256v1 252.20 252.46 253.06 T:cubehash82 251.90 252.67 253.52 T:skein10241024 251.42 252.99 254.35 T:clxhash 253.22 253.25 253.40 T:round3jh512 253.28 254.82 256.46 T:round3jh256 256.81 258.45 264.05 T:rfsb509 266.56 270.06 275.33 T:bblake256 276.68 277.70 278.80 sha384 283.68 285.03 287.29 T:nasha512 293.59 294.05 295.90 T:knot256v2 292.65 294.34 296.98 T:simd512 302.78 303.61 305.43 T:fugue384 316.74 317.54 318.10 T:cubehash81 324.97 327.05 334.60 T:esch384v2 327.18 328.43 329.28 T:esch384v1 328.51 330.19 332.18 T:cubehash1632 335.58 338.21 340.89 T:coral256v1 342.06 342.51 343.53 T:drygascon256 372.58 372.74 373.78 T:cubehash1616 386.25 387.23 388.62 T:shavite3512 397.30 398.95 400.48 T:mcssha6 410.53 411.68 413.56 T:keccakc512treed2 412.18 413.54 415.26 T:keccakc256treed2 418.54 419.11 421.41 T:cubehash168 422.59 423.30 424.27 T:mcssha4 421.15 425.91 431.15 T:simd256 435.57 437.68 444.66 T:groestl512 437.91 439.91 442.43 T:sneikha384 450.76 451.20 452.26 T:cubehash164 510.92 511.66 513.62 T:lane256 545.05 545.68 547.15 T:essence256 544.16 546.73 549.00 T:essence224 558.72 561.94 566.55 T:fugue2 572.22 572.99 574.54 T:knot384 632.03 634.56 637.71 T:fugue512 645.29 646.70 648.52 T:echosp256 714.60 719.15 723.16 T:echo512 732.02 733.40 734.79 T:mcssha5 736.40 739.22 742.29 T:knot512 760.06 762.61 764.69 T:cubehash162 815.65 817.10 818.86 T:echosp512 842.80 846.83 887.11 T:md6d224 844.96 848.66 851.23 T:essence384 846.88 850.45 855.72 T:essence512 872.53 875.23 877.38 T:cubehash161 903.40 932.25 949.49 T:md6d256 939.30 949.65 971.03 T:mgrostl256 1002.35 1005.72 1009.12 T:fsb256 1137.46 1138.12 1139.79 T:syconhash256v1 1179.59 1194.89 1212.39 T:md6d384 1363.58 1365.39 1369.67 T:lane512 1358.76 1368.89 1373.33 T:sivrijndael256hash256v1 1396.41 1418.69 1432.43 T:atelopus32 1844.05 1850.73 1858.17 T:subterraneanv1 1987.60 2001.75 2024.32 T:atelopus64 3952.79 3976.60 4131.70 T:skinnyhashtk3 4038.17 4060.75 4082.17 T:skinnyhashtk2 5150.50 5159.72 5169.00 T:sivtemphotonhashv1 6257.67 6307.04 6335.14 T:acehash256v1 8262.84 8287.69 8387.90 T:heron256v1 12773.41 12788.43 12960.72 T:gage1h256c256r128 14763.56 14771.52 14777.29 T:orangishv1 19153.57 19160.24 19167.58 T:gage1h256c224r064 21634.26 21727.66 22098.08 T:gage1h256c256r064 25934.91 25938.96 25943.59 T:gage1h256c224r032 35178.08 35369.27 35520.41 T:gage1h256c256r032 38652.07 38654.51 38658.14 T:gage1h256c512r064 53884.36 54321.84 55214.80 T:gage1h256c224r016 64788.15 64803.55 66839.88 T:gage1h256c256r016 65570.88 65599.27 65605.48 T:gage1h256c512r032 102373.75 103109.74 103169.79 T:gage1h256c224r008 4823242.86 4826714.04 4833302.18 T:fsb512